生物质结渣固体碱催化剂制备生物柴油

采用经气化炉烧结的生物质结渣为固体碱催化剂,催化油脂转化合成生物柴油.对固体碱催化剂进行表征,并考察物质的量之比、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对反应的影响.结果表明:生物质结渣固体碱催化剂主要成分(按质量分数计)为SiO2(40％～60％)、CaO(10％～20％)、K2O(10％～15％)、MgO(≤10％)、Al...     

基于时间序列匹配的过山车定位法

针对过山车难以精准定位的问题,本文提出了一种基于时间序列匹配的过山车定位方法。该方法首先使用动态时间规整(DTW)对惯性测量单元(IMU)的实测与仿真数据进行序列匹配,得到位置估计结果。之后将估计结果作为观测量,在误差状态卡尔曼滤波器(ESKF)中修正IMU预测结果,得到精准的定位结果。为了提高估计结果的准确度,本文提出了分段重组动态时间规整(SRDTW)算法,解决了DTW的匹配失真问题。使用本文方法对过山车进行了定位实验,结果表明,使用Z向加速度和俯仰角进行序列匹配可得到较为准确的估计结果;ESKF滤波后的平均定位误差可达0.24 m,较估计结果的定位误差减小45.6%。     

CO2驱气溶性降混剂提高采收率机理实验

针对CO2驱气溶性降混剂降低混相压力、提高采收率机理认识不清的问题,综合利用室内实验、数值模拟和权重分析法,通过分析原油组分、原油黏度、油气界面张力、原油相态特征的变化,明确了气溶性降混剂的降混机理.实验结果表明:注入体积分数为3％和20％的气溶性降混剂后,原油重质组分含量分别减少25.07％和48.21％,平均原油黏...     

考虑合理弃光的配电网光伏最大接入容量研究

考虑光伏可通过逆变器以弃光形式参与配电网调节,提出以合理弃光率为约束的配电网光伏多点接入最大容量评估模型,将传统评估模型中配电网接入光伏后运行状态指标不越限或越限概率不超标的约束转化为越限后果不超标的约束。针对海量场景,根据问题自身技术特性和电网运行规律,对模型本身和考虑的场景进行简化,最终使用遗传算法实现了求解。基于IEEE 33节点的算例验证了评估模型和求解算法的有效性,且表明,允许5%的弃光率可提升40%的光伏接入容量,提升效果显著。     

考虑碳自然循环的离网型风/光-火联合供能系统容量优化配置

针对合理规划离网型风/光-火联合供能系统使其达到碳中和要求的问题,首先考虑风光出力不确定性对新能源为主的离网型供能系统可靠性的影响,提出离网型风/光-火联合供能系统的基本结构;其次,基于自然界可消纳CO₂上限与世界能源需求总量之间的关系,建立供能系统的碳自然循环模型;以系统年总费用值最小为目标,建立供能系统容量优化配置数学模型,并采用粒子群算法求解。基于某实际离网型联合供能系统算例分析表明：所述容量优化配置方法在以较低成本保证供能可靠性的同时,可实现离网型风/光-火联合供能系统CO₂的“净零排放”。     

微波辅助组合离子液体直接制备微藻生物柴油

采用小球藻、甲醇为原料,离子液体组合物作为提取催化剂,微波辅助原位一步法催化制备微藻生物柴油。考察微波功率、离子液体类型、离子液体用量、反应温度、反应时间、醇油物质的量之比等因素对酯交换率的影响,并与传统水浴加热机械搅拌法比较。结果表明:微波和离子液体对生物柴油的制备有协同促进作用,离子液体具有催化、提取与增溶的作用,能较好地消除醇油界面接触,微波的引入可强化传质传热过程,与传统加热方式水浴加热机械搅拌法相比,可缩短酯交换反应的时间,降低反应温度,减少离子液体、甲醇用量。离子液体[BMIM][HCOO]为提取剂,微藻油脂提取率最高;酸性离子液体催化效果明显高于碱性离子液体,离子液体[SO₃H-BMIM][HSO₄]为催化剂,微藻油脂转化率最高。在甲醇用量和藻粉质量比为6∶1,离子液体组合物和藻粉质量比为5∶1,[BMIM][HCOO]与[SO₃H-BMIM][HSO₄]体积比12∶1,微波功率400 W,反应温度为60℃,反应时间40 min条件下,生物柴油转化率可达93.3%。该方法将离子液体溶解提取性能、催化性能及微波的热效应相结合,将油脂的提取与油脂的酯化合二为一,能够实现微藻生物柴油的一步转化制备。     

粗生物柴油真空精馏脱硫研究

针对采用废油脂为原料转化制备的生物柴油会含有一定量的硫化物的问题,采用真空精馏法脱除生物柴油中的硫化物,并对硫化物附存形态进行分析。结果表明：生物柴油中硫化物主要包括低沸点的硫化氢、硫醇、硫醚、硫胺素等,以及高沸点的苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩等。采用控制精馏脱硫塔塔顶温度150 ℃、操作绝对压力300~500 Pa、回流比1的条件下,先对生物柴油中低沸点硫化物进行脱除,再将塔顶温度升至210 ℃,将中间馏分（生物柴油）从塔顶精馏出来,高沸点重馏分（生物重油、高沸点硫化物）留在塔釜底部,两步精馏切割法能将达标的生物柴油与其他馏分分离开来,可有效降低生物柴油的硫含量,脱硫率达97%,满足最新国Ⅵ柴油排放标准（GB 17930—2016）的硫含量≤10 mg/kg要求,且硫含量达标的生物柴油得率达到85%以上。     

乳液聚合法制备石蜡基相变储能材料及热物性研究

将石蜡真空浸渍于膨胀蛭石中,以其共同作为内相,丙烯酰胺水溶液作为外相,制得水包油乳液,引发剂使外相聚合,得到形状稳定的复合相变储热颗粒。测试结果表明：乳化剂和膨胀蛭石分别为石蜡质量的6%和2%时,熔融焓数值为128.79 J/g,石蜡的包覆率为72.80%;复合颗粒的形状是表面规整的球体,颗粒大小均匀;经过100次循环后,熔融焓只降低2.18%;复合颗粒在470 ℃以下有较好的热稳定性。膨胀蛭石与聚丙烯酰胺对石蜡的二次封装可有效提高复合体系防泄露能力,具有可靠的储能和温度调节性能。     

Synthesis of boron-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes by the catalytic decomposition of tetrahydrofuran and triisopropyl borate

Boron-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) were produced by the catalytic decomposition of tetrahydrofuran and triisopropyl borate over a Fe–Mo/MgO catalyst at 900 °C. The synthesized B-doped DWCNTs had average outer and inner diameters in the range of 1.6–2.4 nm and 0.8–1.6 nm within the bundle, respectively. They had a larger interlayer spacing in the range of 0.36–0.39 nm, than did undoped DWCNTs. The B-C bonding evident from the B 1s signals in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that highly coordinated boron atoms replaced the carbon atoms within the graphene sheet. As the triisopropyl borate concentration was increased from 0 to 2.5 M, the substituted boron concentration increased from 0.8 to 3.1 at.%. The results demonstrate that the substituted boron concentration in the hexagonal carbon lattices can be easily controlled by regulating the triisopropyl borate concentration.     

Efficiency enhancement in large-area organic photovoltaic module using theoretical power loss model

For efficiency enhancement of a large-area monolithic organic photovoltaic (OPV) module, we studied the influence of the OPV cell geometry parameters using theoretical and experimental methods. For this work, a unit OPV cell as a reference device and four types of monolithic OPV module with different active cell lengths were fabricated together on a glass substrate. The characteristics of the fabricated unit OPV cell were measured and the voltage (V_mp) and current density (J_mp) at the maximum power point were extracted. The parasitic power losses were calculated from the extracted parameters and the material parameters using a theoretical power loss model, taking into consideration the series resistance, contact resistance, and shading (or dead area) losses at the calculated maximum power of the monolithic OPV module. To analyze the influence of OPV cell layout on efficiency of the large-area monolithic OPV module, the power conversion efficiency of the four type monolithic OPV modules with different active cell lengths was measured and compared with the calculated power conversion efficiency. The calculated PCE ratio of the monolithic OPV module with three cells was approximately 78%, and the measured PCE ratio of the fabricated monolithic OPV module with three cells was also approximately 78%. The measured PCE ratio of fabricated monolithic OPV modules with two, four, and five cells also exhibited this tendency for the calculated PCE ratio. Thus, a large-area monolithic OPV module with optimum electrical power loss and an appropriate number of OPV cells can be designed by extracting the parameters of the unit OPV cell and calculating the electrical power loss using the proposed theoretical power loss model.